The typical life cycle of a drug from the laboratory to the clinic and, finally, to patients is long and fraught with obstacles. There is a significant bottleneck — known as the Valley of Death — when lack of funding prevents ideas from moving from the university into the market.
Andrew W. Lo is an economist by training and trade. While studying the drug discovery cycle for personal reasons, he was baffled by the concept of the Valley of Death. From the perspective of an economist, as he explains, “I always assumed that if there’s a medical need and if there’s a good rate of return for treating it, the money will flow. So, if there’s a bottleneck, it must mean that there just aren’t enough good opportunities.”